مواقف الآباء المؤسسين للولايات المتحدة الأمريكية من العبودية في كتاباتهم وممارساتهم
(دراسة تاريخية تحليلية)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33193/eJHAS.23.2026.451الكلمات المفتاحية:
الآباء المؤسسون، العبودية، الرق، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، العالم الجديدالملخص
هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على مواقف الآباء المؤسسين للولايات المتحدة الأمريكية من قضية العبودية، واستكشاف كيفية انعكاس هذه المواقف في كتاباتهم وخطاباتهم وممارساتهم العملية، والكشف عن مدى الاتساق أو التناقض بين المبادئ التي أسهموا في ترسيخها عند تأسيس الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية وبين تعاملهم الفعلي مع نظام الرق. وركزت الدراسة على سبع شخصيات تُعد من أبرز الآباء المؤسسين للولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، وهم: جورج واشنطن، وبنجامين فرانكلين، وجون آدامز، وتوماس جيفرسون، وجون جاي، وجيمس ماديسون، وألكسندر هاملتون.واعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج التاريخي التحليلي من خلال تحليل الوثائق التاريخية والرسائل والخطب والكتابات المرتبطة بهذه الشخصيات، إلى جانب دراسة ممارساتهم العملية وعلاقتهم بمؤسسة العبودية في سياقها التاريخي خلال مرحلة تأسيس الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية.وأظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن مواقف الآباء المؤسسين من العبودية لم تكن موحدة، بل اتسمت بالتباين والتعقيد؛ إذ عارض بعضهم العبودية ودعا إلى الحد منها أو إلغائها، كما هو الحال لدى بنجامين فرانكلين وجون جاي وجون آدامز بدرجات متفاوتة، في حين امتلك آخرون عبيداً أو استمروا في الاستفادة من هذا النظام رغم إبدائهم تحفظات أخلاقية تجاهه، مثل جورج واشنطن وتوماس جيفرسون وجيمس ماديسون. كما كشفت النتائج عن وجود فجوة بين المبادئ التي ارتبطت بتأسيس الدولة الأمريكية، ولا سيما الحرية والمساواة، وبين الممارسات الفعلية لبعض الآباء المؤسسين تجاه العبيد. وبينت الدراسة أن الاعتبارات السياسية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية المرتبطة بمرحلة التأسيس أسهمت في تجنب اتخاذ موقف حاسم من قضية العبودية، الأمر الذي أدى إلى استمرارها لعقود طويلة وترك آثاراً عميقة في التاريخ السياسي والاجتماعي للولايات المتحدة الأمريكية.
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2. Adams, J. (1819, June 8). Letter to Robert J. Evans. In L. H. Butterfield et al. (Eds.), Founders Online. National Archives. Retrieved from: https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99-02-02-7148
3. Ball, A. (2015). Ambition and bondage: An inquiry on Alexander Hamilton and slavery [Seminar paper]. Columbia University and Slavery Project. columbia.edu
4. Brock, T. P., Crawford-Lackey, K., Reeves, M. B., & Minkoff, M. F. (2022). Exploring and Interpreting the History of Slavery at James Madison’s Montpelier: A Case Study in Using Archaeology as an Interpretive Tool in Public History Practice. The Public Historian, 44(4), 63-83.
5. Butler, J. (2001). Becoming America: the revolution before 1776. Harvard University Press.
6. Columbia University. (2022).A Brief Biography of John Jay. Offical site
7. Davis, D. B. (2006). Inhuman bondage: The rise and fall of slavery in the New World. Oxford University Press.
8. Diouf, S. A. (2013). Servants of Allah: African Muslims enslaved in the Americas. In Servants of Allah. New York University Press.
9. Dreibelbis, R. P. (2026). That of God in Everyone: The Importance of Indiana and Ohio Quakers in the Abolition of Slavery in America, 1787-1865.
10. Ferling, J. (2010). John Adams: a life. Oxford University Press.
11. Finkelman, P. (2014). Slavery and the founders: Race and liberty in the age of Jefferson (3rd ed.). Routledge.
12. Franklin, B. (1790). On the slave trade. In Works of the late Doctor Benjamin Franklin. Wikisource. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Works_of_the_late_Doctor_Benjamin_Franklin/On_the_Slave_Trade
13. Hopkins, C. (2019). The enslaved household of President James Madison. White House Historical Association. White House Historical Association
14. Horton, J. O. (2004). Alexander Hamilton: Slavery and race in a revolutionary generation. New-York Journal of American History, 65(3), 16-24.
15. James Madison Museum. (2026). James Madison and slavery. James Madison Museum. Retrieved from https://www.jamesmadisonmuseum.org/slavery.html
16. Jefferson, T. (1785). Notes on the State of Virginia. London: John Stockdale.
17. Jefferson, T. (1785). Notes on the State of Virginia. London: John Stockdale.
18. Jefferson, T. (1821). Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson. Retrieved form Lillian Goldman Law Library. Yale Law School. Official site
19. Johnston, H. P. (2026). (1890–1893). The Correspondence and Public Papers of John Jay (Vols. 1–4). New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
20. Ketcham, R. L., & Ketcham, R. (1990). James Madison: a biography. University of Virginia Press.
21. Klein, C. (2020, June 24). Alexander Hamilton’s complicated relationship to slavery. History. https://www.history.com/news/alexander-hamilton-slavery-facts
22. Lenahan, B. (2023). Thomas Jefferson: Slavery, Education, and the Public Mind.
23. Littlefield, D. C. (2000). John Jay, the Revolutionary Generation, and Slavery. New York History, 81(1), 91-132.
24. Mason, M. (2009). Slavery and politics in the early American republic. Univ of North Carolina Press.
25. McClay, N. (2017). Benjamin Franklin's transformation on slavery (Master’s thesis, California State University, Stanislaus). ScholarWorks. https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/concern/theses/gm80hw197
26. McCullough, D. (2001). John Adams. Simon & Schuster.
27. Morgan, E. S. (2002). Benjamin Franklin. Yale University Press.
28. Morgan, K. (2000). George Washington and the problem of slavery. Journal of American Studies, 34(2), 279-301.
29. Morgan, P. D. (2005). To Get Quit of Negroes: George Washington and Slavery. Journal of American Studies, 39(3), 403-429.
30. Morris, Richard B. (1973). Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries. New York: Harper & Row.
31. Nash, G. B. (2006). Franklin and slavery. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 150(4), 618-635.
32. New York State Museum. (2026). Benjamin Franklin anti-slavery petition. New York State Education Department. https://nysm.nysed.gov/exhibitions/george-washington/benjamin-franklin-antislavery-petition
33. Project. Princeton University. Retrieved from Princeton & Slavery Project – James Madison
34. Scherr, A. (2018). John Adams, slavery, and race: ideas, politics, and diplomacy in an age of crisis. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
35. Scherr, A. (2025). John Jay and Alexander Hamilton on Black Enslavement: New York Founders in a Revolutionary Age. Springer Nature.
36. Scherr, A. (2025). John Jay and Alexander Hamilton on Black Enslavement: New York Founders in a Revolutionary Age. Springer Nature.
37. Schwabach, A. (2010). Thomas Jefferson, slavery, and slaves. T. Jefferson L. Rev., 33, 1.
38. Schwabach, A. (2010). Thomas Jefferson, slavery, and slaves. T. Jefferson L. Rev., 33, 1.
39. Serfilippi, J. (2020). As odious and immoral a thing: Alexander Hamilton’s hidden history as an enslaver. Schuyler Mansion State Historic Site.
40. Smith, C. (2007). George Washington’s Lastwill and Testament: The Manuscript and a Pioneering Restoration. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation, 46(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1179/019713607806112422
41. Spies-Gans, P. A. (2026). James Madison. Princeton & Slavery
42. Ward, A. (2008). The slaves' war: the Civil War in the words of former slaves. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
43. Washington, G. (1786). Letter from George Washington to Robert Morris (April 12, 1786). In Encyclopedia Virginia. Virginia Humanities. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/primary-documents/letter-from-george-washington-to-robert-morris-april-12-1786/
44. Washington, G. (1799). George Washington’s last will and testament (July 9, 1799). In George Washington’s Mount Vernon. Retrieved from https://www.mountvernon.org/education/primary-source-collections/primary-source-collections/article/george-washingtons-last-will-and-testament-july-9-1799
45. Washington’s Mount Vernon. (n.d.). George Washington’s will. https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/slavery/george-washingtons-will
46. Wikipedia. (2025). James Madison and slavery. In Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison_and_slavery
47. Wikipedia. (n.d.). John Jay. In Wikipedia. Retrieved May 30, 2026, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay
48. Williamson, M. H. (2017). The Networks of John Jay, 1745-1801: A Historical Network Analysis Experiment (Doctoral dissertation, Doctoral Dissertation, Northeastern University).
التنزيلات
منشور
2026-06-20
كيفية الاقتباس
د. سعود غسان البشر. (2026). مواقف الآباء المؤسسين للولايات المتحدة الأمريكية من العبودية في كتاباتهم وممارساتهم: (دراسة تاريخية تحليلية). مجلة العصر للعلوم الانسانية والاجتماع, (23), 166–191. https://doi.org/10.33193/eJHAS.23.2026.451
إصدار
القسم
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